So, the final question then is: Are these times more prone to
propaganda than former ones? I think the answer to this is yes. The
reason is that in former times questions up for debate did not
challenge the basic structure of human life. Judeo/Christianity has
dominated so completely for a thousand years and longer that it
hasn't been seriously questioned until now. For those that did
question it, they had no idea of discarding basic features of life, like
the status of men relative to women, or the prospect of discarding
intellectualism altogether, or the loss of technology. Those that do
consider discarding Christianity have, no doubt, consoled themselves
with the notion that since large segments of humanity live very well
without it, why not them? And never considered that their personal
dismissal of Christianity is in no way similar to cultural dismissal of
it. In the first case everyone about continues to live in the same old
predictable way, in the second, one cannot predict the parameters of
life in the indeterminate future. Not even when that unpredictability
is likely to arise.
Dictionary: A symbol is something that stands for or suggests
something else by reason of relationship, association, convention, or
accidental resemblance.
1. Objective description:
The representation of an object or event in words having
only material meaning.
2. Symbolic description:
The representation of an object or event in images having
another meaning in a different context. Why this works is another
question, the answer to which is shared attributes. Thus, as Freud
pointed out, if we dream of smoking a cigar, we can surmise that the
cigar represents a penis. The advantage of this method is to allow
the inspection of other attributes to see if they are also shared, which
is frequently the case.
3. Allegory:
A fictional story representing facts about life difficult to
represent in any other way. For example, Bhagavad-Gita, an Indian
text that describes the experience of battles by a prince in company
of a guardian spirit, in which individual events represent other
typical events in the growth of the individual spirit.
4. Myth:
A fictional story representing events in the lives of the
gods. The gods themselves are symbolic representations of complex
aspects of life, for example, Mercury the messenger represents the
human need to communicate.
5. Fable:
A fictional story representing simple truths about lives in
which the characters are generally animals living in the style of
humans. For example, Alice in Wonderland.
6. Parable:
A fictional story representing ordinary events in life in
such a way as to instruct the listener, generally about spiritual
matters as in the parables of Jesus.
7. Fairy Tale:
A fictional story representing humans in conflict with evil
forces, for example Sleeping Beauty.
8. Dream:
A symbolic representation of current events in an
individual's life in which all characters and objects are symbolic
representations of the dreamer.
The above list is in the way of identifying a representation
spectrum. As with all spectra, it identifies two extremes and various
points within tending from one extreme to the other. In this case,
the normal method of representation is in terms of symbols, as can
be seen from dreams, which, despite their profundity, might
reasonably be characterized as archaic thought forms. From this
point, humans move progressively towards more objectivity, by
which it is meant that the objects are represented as themselves
without the need to resort to similar objects which can stand for
them.
Life can be characterized as a progression along this
spectrum, wherein an individual has no means of communicating
except by symbols in the beginning, and progressively acquires
objective evidence as life goes on. The ability to objectify would
seem to be limited to humans, so that we can surmise that humans
have a unique mental capacity which provides this capability. That
capacity is, I would say, the ability to concentrate to such an extent
that other objects in the world are seen to be distinct from the
subject.